Ectosymbionts of the non‐indigenous Asian shore crab,Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Decapoda: Varunidae), in the western north Atlantic,and a search for its parasites

Over 560 Asian shore crabs, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, collected mainly in the spring of 2005 and 2006 from rocky intertidal locations in southern New Jersey, were examined for epibionts. Small numbers of the sympatric green crab, Carcinus maenas, and the Atlantic mud crab, Panopeus herbstii, were examined for epifauna to compare with H. sanguineus. Blue mussel spat, Mytilus edulis, and the encrusting, cheilostome bryozoan, Conopeum tenuissimum, were the dominant ectosymbionts of the shore crab, with prevalences of 22.2 and 32.1%, respectively; ranges of intensity were 1–146 spat/crab and 1–31 colonies/crab. Both species are incidental symbionts. Larger crabs had higher prevalences and intensities of C. tenuissimum colonies, and these colonies displayed a distinct pattern of attachment to the carapace which seemed to be related to crab morphology and habitat. Much less common was the encrusting, ctenostome bryozoan Alcyonidium albescens, a facultative symbiont species with a prevalence of 3.4%. Other epibionts were the encrusting, cheilostome Membranipora tenuis, the tubicolous polychaetes Hydroides dianthus, Sabellaria vulgaris, and Spirorbis sp., the barnacles Balanus improvisus and Semibalanus balanoides, and unidentified thecate hydroids, all incidental symbionts with prevalences from 0.2 to 3.2%. The total number of known ectosymbionts of H. sanguineus, including additional species found previously in the USA and the western Pacific, is 13. Carcinus maenas and P. herbstii share some of the same symbionts. Rhizocephalan externae were not observed in any of the crab species used in this study, nor were gill parasites or internal parasites found among 248 specimens of H. sanguineus.     

红曲霉Monascus sanguineus X1处理黄水的培养基优化及酯化液制备

黄水是白酒酿造的主要副产物之一,富含多种有机质,可用于制备酯化液促进白酒增香,提高其利用率。研究了一株高产酯化酶的红曲霉菌株Monascus sanguineus X1,以酯化酶活力为指标,从碳源、碳氮比、接种量和pH值4个方面对X1菌株的培养基进行单因素实验及正交试验优化;采用酯化酶液处理黄水,制备酯化液,研究了黄水、乙醇、己酸等酯化前体物质添加量对酯化液制备的影响。结果表明,该红曲霉优化发酵培养基组分(以100mL计):大米粉7.0g,大豆蛋白胨2.0g,NaNO₃ 0.2g,KH₂PO₄ 0.15g,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.1g,培养基初始pH值5.0,接种量10%(体积分数)。在此条件下,添加体积分数为10%的黄水和体积分数为4%的乙醇,酶活力可达745.80U/mL。向酯化酶液中加入体积分数为0.8%的己酸和体积分数为20%的乙醇继续培养1d后,酯化液中己酸乙酯的体积分数可达0.121%;而向酯化酶液中补加体积分数为10%的黄水后,己酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯的体积分数分别可达0.055% 和0.032%。该结果旨在为将黄水资源用于白酒增香提供理论参考。     

红鳍笛鲷溃疡病病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

从海南省文昌铺前某网箱养殖场患溃疡病的红鳍笛鲷（Lutjanus sanguineus）病灶处分离到1株优势菌,经人工感染证实,所分离到的优势菌为致病菌,初步鉴定该病原菌为副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahemolyticus）;药物敏感试验表明：该菌株对氨苄青／舒巴坦、利福平、左氟沙星、奥复星、先锋必素、妥布霉素等6种药物敏感．     

重组血红密孔菌漆酶在染料脱色中的应用

为考察由毕赤酵母表达的重组血红密孔菌漆酶对染料的脱色能力,采用单因素分析方法研究了不同条件下重组漆酶对活性亮蓝、活性黑以及靛红这3种典型合成染料的脱色情况,并且利用优化后的反应条件对由3种染料组成的混合染料进行了脱色处理。结果表明:在无介体时重组漆酶对染料的脱色效果较差,3种染料中丁香醛是促进重组漆酶脱色的最适介体,重组漆酶介体系统对单染料的脱色最适pH为5.0,温度为50 ℃; 在最优反应条件下,重组漆酶对混合染料的脱色率达93%,表明该重组漆酶在染料废水处理中具有较好的应用前景。     

Emersion behaviour and foraging ecology of the common Chilean clingfish Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces: Gobiesocidae)

The present study is the first to correlate information on emersion behaviour and foraging ecology of Sicyases sanguineus, a common clingfish of the Chilean coast. Individuals smaller than 15 cm in total length were frequently found at the highest points in the inter-tidal zone and consumed inter-tidal animals and seaweeds. Fish larger than 23 cm were infrequently observed emersed in the lower inter-tidal zone, but were collected sub-tidally by divers. These large clingfish ate mainly benthic animals occurring in the low inter-tidal and sub-tidal zones. Size-dependent factors, dessication and wave impact restrict the area of action of S. sanguineus to certain areas of the rocky inter-tidal and shallow sub-tidal zone. However, the fish can be locally very abundant, consuming a great diversity of prey items including both direct primary space users and mobile animals able to affect community structure through grazing. We argue, therefore, that S. sanguineus may be important in structuring communities in some areas of the rocky inter-tidal and shallow subtidal zones of Central Chile.